பழங்கால இலக்கியங்களில் தமிழர்களின் வாழ்வியல் அறங்கள்

Ethical Values in the Life of Ancient Tamils in Classical Literature

Abstract

In life, “Aram” (virtue) signifies the fundamental principles, ethical norms, and structured guidelines that ensure well-being. It encompasses morality, justice, and righteous conduct in both personal and social life. The lifestyle of Tamils is deeply rooted in socio-economic production and is a fundamental aspect of their cultural framework. This way of life has shaped essential social institutions such as family, marriage, virtue, education, art, the philosophy of love, and science. The Tamil language and literature serve as reflections of this cultural structure. The Tamil society, with its diverse goals, flourished two thousand years ago, displaying literary richness and a well-defined ethical framework. The literary heritage of the Tamils reveals that they lived with exemplary moral values, bringing glory to the world. They considered it dishonorable to refuse alms to those who came to them seeking help. Sangam literature highlights charity as a supreme virtue, as expressed in the words of poet Ezathu Bhoothan Devanar: “Uthavi Aaanmai” (Generosity is the greatest virtue). When an individual extends their thoughts beyond themselves and considers others, they come to realize their rightful place in society. The Tamil way of life was closely linked to their natural surroundings, categorizing land into five divisions - Kurunji (mountainous regions), Mullai (forests), Marutham (agricultural lands), Neithal (coastal areas), and Paalai (deserted lands). Regardless of their geographical setting, Tamils adhered to virtuous principles such as truthfulness, gratitude, self-restraint, discipline, charity, hospitality, and the dignity of household life. Sangam literature provides profound insights into how the Tamils maintained these ethical values without deviation. Their way of life was structured within a defined framework where customs and moral values were protected and revered.